FRANCESCA ELISIA

Jordan Grafman recently found that virtue literally is its own reward. Altruistic behavior sends reward-related brain systems into a pleasurable tizzy—even more so than the prospect of self-interested gain. “The big punch line is that all things being equal, your rew...

Try to make a new reward that is similar to the old reward.
If it is a coffee habit, the reward is a warm beverage and an excuse to sit still and reflect. For that reason, a substitute like herbal tea would work.

Charismatic people offer encouragement instead of skeptically listening to people’s goals and ideas. Find ways to encourage people while still holding them accountable:

• Reward good work.
• Assign credit where credit is due.
• Give genuine complime...