✔️ Reality is shaped by culture, history, and power.✔️ Truth is not absolute, only constructed.✔️ Derrida & Foucault challenged traditional ideas of knowledge. 📌 Reflection: What "truths" have you never questioned?

🎭 1️⃣8️⃣ Postmodernism: Truth is Relative

✔️ Material conditions shape how people think.✔️ History is driven by class struggle.✔️ Economics influences our values more than we realize. 📌 Challenge: How does money affect your choices and beliefs?

💰 1️⃣3️⃣ Marx: The Role of Money in Philosophy

✔️ “God is dead.”✔️ Traditional morals are human-made, not absolute.✔️ Encouraged people to create their own values. 📌 Challenge: What beliefs have you inherited that no longer serve you?

😈 1️⃣5️⃣ Nietzsche: The Death of Old Beliefs

✔️ Focused on observation and experience.✔️ Developed categories of knowledge still used today.✔️ Golden Mean: Virtue lies in balance (courage vs. recklessness). 📌 Reflection: Where in your life do you need more balance?

📝 6️⃣ Aristotle: The Birth of Logic and Science

✔️ History moves through contradictions: Thesis (Idea) → Antithesis (Opposing Idea) → Synthesis (New Idea)✔️ Every major shift in history followed this pattern. 📌 Reflection: What personal contradiction are you struggling with?

⚡ 1️⃣2️⃣ Hegel: The Cycle of Change

✔️ Philosophy begins with curiosity and questioning.✔️ Many adults stop asking deep questions, but philosophers never stop.✔️ The more you learn, the more you realize you don’t know. 📌 Reflection: What’s one big question you’ve always wondered about?

🔍 1️⃣ The Nature of Philosophy: The Art of Wondering

✔️ Sartre: We are responsible for defining our own lives.✔️ Kierkegaard: True faith requires a personal leap.✔️ Camus: Life has no inherent meaning—but that’s liberating. 📌 Challenge: If life had no built-in purpose, what meaning would you create?

📖 1️⃣7️⃣ Existentialism: Making Your Own Meaning

✔️ Our behavior is shaped by hidden psychological forces.✔️ The id, ego, and superego battle for control.✔️ Many of our actions are not as rational as we think. 📌 Reflection: What unconscious habit might be influencing your decisions?

🎭 1️⃣6️⃣ Freud: The Unconscious Mind

✔️ Shift from mythical to logical explanations.✔️ Thales: Everything is made of water.✔️ Heraclitus: Change is constant (“You cannot step into the same river twice”).✔️ Democritus: Everything is made of tiny atoms. 📌 Reflection: How do your surroundings influence your beliefs about reality?

🧩 3️⃣ Pre-Socratic Thinkers: The First Scientists

✔️ People live in ignorance like prisoners in a cave.✔️ The philosopher escapes, sees the real world, and struggles to convince others.✔️ Truth is uncomfortable, but necessary for freedom.

🔦 5️⃣ Plato: The Allegory of the Cave

✔️ Used the Socratic method to challenge assumptions.✔️ Believed that “the only true wisdom is knowing you know nothing.”✔️ Sentenced to death for questioning authority. 📌 Challenge: Question a common belief in society—does it hold up?

👥 4️⃣ Socrates: The Courage to Think Freely

✔️ Sophie realizes she is part of a book.✔️ Raises the ultimate question Are we free, or are we characters in someone else’s story? 📌 Final Thought: If life is a story, who is writing yours?

🔄 1️⃣9️⃣ The Meta-Twist: Sophie’s Reality is Fiction

✔️ Cynicism: Reject materialism and live simply.✔️ Stoicism: Accept what you cannot control.✔️ Epicureanism: Happiness comes from simple pleasures. 📌 Actionable Step: What’s one thing you’re holding onto that doesn’t serve you?

⚔️ 7️⃣ Hellenistic Philosophies: Finding Inner Peace

✔️ Early humans used myths to explain natural phenomena.✔️ Greek mythology shaped Western thought before philosophy emerged.✔️ Key difference: Myths rely on stories, philosophy relies on reason. 📌 Reflection: Can you think of a modern belief that might be just a myth?

🌍 2️⃣ Mythology: The First Explanations

✔️ St. Augustine: Blended Christianity with Plato’s ideas.✔️ St. Thomas Aquinas: Tried to prove God’s existence logically.✔️ Debate: Should faith override reason, or should they work together? 📌 Reflection: Do you rely more on logic or faith in your decisions?

⛪ 8️⃣ The Middle Ages: Faith vs. Reason

✔️ Rediscovery of Greek philosophy sparked creativity.✔️ Scientists like Copernicus & Galileo challenged religious dogma.✔️ Humanism emphasized individual potential. 📌 Challenge: Question an old assumption—what new perspective emerges?

🖌️ 9️⃣ The Renaissance: The Revival of Free Thought

✔️ We don’t just see reality—we filter it through our minds.✔️ Concepts like time and space exist because our brains impose them.✔️ Reality is partly constructed by our perception. 📌 Challenge: What assumptions are shaping how you see the world?

🌎 1️⃣1️⃣ Kant: How the Mind Shapes Reality

✔️ Descartes: Truth comes from reason (“I think, therefore I am”).✔️ Locke & Hume: Truth comes from experience.✔️ Modern science blends both approaches. 📌 Reflection: Do you trust logic more than experience?

🔬 🔟 Rationalism vs. Empiricism: Two Ways of Knowing

A journey through philosophy, where Sophie uncovers the mysteries of existence, knowledge, and free will.

A page-turning novel that is also an exploration of the great philosophical concepts of Western thought, Jostein Gaarder's Sophie's World has fired the imagination of readers all over the world, with more than twenty million copies in print. One day fourteen-year-old Sophie Amundsen comes home from school to find in her mailbox two notes, with one question on each: "Who are you?" and "Where does the world come from?" From that irresistible beginning, Sophie becomes obsessed with questions that take her far beyond what she knows of her Norwegian village. Through those letters, she enrolls in a kind of correspondence course, covering Socrates to Sartre, with a mysterious philosopher, while receiving letters addressed to another girl. Who is Hilde? And why does her mail keep turning up? To unravel this riddle, Sophie must use the philosophy she is learning—but the truth turns out to be far more complicated than she could have imagined.

Understand yourself and those around you.

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Jostein Gaarder is a Norwegian intellectual and author of several novels, short stories, and children's books. Gaarder often writes from the perspective of children, exploring their sense of wonder about the world. He often uses meta-fiction in his works, writing stories within stories.Gaarder was born into a pedagogical family. His best known work is the novel Sophie's World, subtitled "A Novel about the History of Philosophy." This popular work has been translated into fifty-three languages; there are over thirty million copies in print, with three million copies sold in Germany alone.In 1997, he established the Sophie Prize together with his wife Siri Dannevig. This prize is an international environment and development prize (USD 100,000

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