The more things change, the more they are the same.

<ul><li>Incremental - Continuous Testing and Refinement. Starts from an existing product. Called also Hill Climbing (move your foot in one direction - if it is uphill, take one step. If not, change direction. Do that until the top of the peak). Con: cannot find a higher hill. </li><li>Radical - Starts fresh, many times from scratch. Offers potential very high opportunities. Con: the hill might be even lower than the one previously tried.</li></ul>

2 Innovation Forms

<code>Affordances </code><code>- the relationship between the properties of an object and the capabilities of an agent</code><code>Signifiers </code><code>- an indicator that communicates appropriate behaviour to a person</code><code>Constraints </code><code>- impediments of using a system</code><code>Mappings </code><code>- the relationship between the elements of two sets of things</code><code>Feedback </code><code>- communication of the results of an action</code><code>Conceptual model </code><code>- explanation of how something works</code>

The fundamental concepts of Interaction

<code>There are 2 types of errors:</code><ul><li><code>slips </code><code>(a person intends to do an action and ends up doing something else). Can be: </code><code>action-based</code><code>(correct action applied to the wrong object), </code><code>memory-lapse</code><code> (forgetting)</code></li><li><code>mistakes </code><code>(wrong goal or wrong plan formed). Can be: </code><code>rule-based</code><code>(correct diagnose, wrong action), </code><code>knowledge-based</code><code>(incorrect diagnose), </code><code>memory-lapse</code><code> (failing due to distraction)</code></li></ul>

Types of Errors in Design

There are 3 levels of processing that inform the action a user does:<ul><li>visceral (lowest level, correlated with calm and anxiety). Actions: perform and perceive.</li><li>behavioural (middle level, correlated with expectations and emotions). Actions: specify and interpret.</li><li>reflective (highest level, correlated with satisfaction). Actions: plan and compare.</li></ul>

The 3 Levels of Processing that inform the 3 Stages of Action

Design doesn't have to complicated, which is why this guide to human-centered design shows that usability is just as important as aesthetics. Even the smartest among us can feel inept as we fail to figure out which light switch or oven burner to turn on, or whether to push, pull, or slide a door. The fault, argues this ingenious -- even liberating -- book, lies not in ourselves, but in product design that ignores the needs of users and the principles of cognitive psychology. The problems range from ambiguous and hidden controls to arbitrary relationships between controls and functions, coupled with a lack of feedback or other assistance and unreasonable demands on memorization. The Design of Everyday Things shows that good, usable design is possible. The rules are simple: make things visible, exploit natural relationships that couple function and control, and make intelligent use of constraints. The goal: guide the user effortlessly to the right action on the right control at the right time. The Design of Everyday Things is a powerful primer on how -- and why -- some products satisfy customers while others only frustrate them.

books

Books

product

Product & Design

Design doesn't have to complicated, which is why this guide to human-centered design shows that usability is just as important as aesthetics.   Even the smartest among us can feel inept as we fail to figure out which light switch or oven burner to turn on, or whether to push, pull, or slide a door.   The fault, argues this ingenious -- even liberating -- book, lies not in ourselves, but in product design that ignores the needs of users and the principles of cognitive psychology. The problems range from ambiguous and hidden controls to arbitrary relationships between controls and functions, coupled with a lack of feedback or other assistance and unreasonable demands on memorization.   The Design of Everyday Things shows that good, usable design is possible. The rules are simple: make things visible, exploit natural relationships that couple function and control, and make intelligent use of constraints. The goal: guide the user effortlessly to the right action on the right control at the right time.   The Design of Everyday Things is a powerful primer on how -- and why -- some products satisfy customers while others only frustrate them.

Don Norman is an accomplished writer whose work has resonated with readers around the world. Don Norman has published several books that explore a range of topics, from fiction to nonfiction, and has received critical acclaim for the ability to weave compelling narratives. Don Norman's writing style is known for its depth and authenticity, and has earned quite a loyal following of readers.